Islam addresses this situation with clear compassion — a child born in such circumstances bears absolutely no blame or stigma, a principle repeatedly emphasized across Islamic teaching. The Quranic command in Surah al-Ahzab (33:5) to attribute children to their fathers applies specifically to situations where the father’s identity is known and should not be concealed or denied; it doesn’t apply — nor does it create a penalty — when the father is genuinely unknown. In such cases, using the mother’s name or family surname as the child’s identifier is accepted, and this is also generally workable for Indian official documentation (Aadhaar, birth certificates, and school records commonly accept a mother’s name where the father’s details are unavailable). The overarching Islamic principle here is protecting the child’s dignity, not assigning blame for circumstances outside their control.